Licensing and the Incentive for Innovation

Previous literature has mostly considered R&D and licensing activities separately. In this paper we examine the effect of licensing on R&D and social welfare. We show that the effect of licensing on the incentive for doing R&D is ambiguous and depends on the costs of doing R&D. We also show that the possibility of licensing can change the identity of the innovating firm. However, we find that social welfare is non- decreasing in presence of licensing.Licensing, R&D, Welfare

UNIONIZED LABOR MARKET AND DIVISIONALIZATION

We show the incentive for divisionalization by a monopolist producer. In contrast to the previous literature, where divisionalization occurs for product market advantage, we show that divisionalization occurs if it provides strategic advantage in the labor market. With unionized labor market, we show that divisionalization by a monopolist is profitable under both uniform and discriminatory wage setting by the union. However, the incentive for divisionalization is higher under the former situation. We consider divisionalization under both quantity and price competition, and the incentive for divisionalization is found to be higher under price competition.Discriminatory wage setting, Divisionalization, Labor union, Price competition, Quantity competition, Uniform wage setting

The welfare effects of entry: the role of the input market

In a successive Cournot oligopoly, we show the welfare effects of entry in the final goods market with no scale economies but with cost difference between the firms. If the input market is very concentrated, entry in the final goods market always increases welfare. If the input market is moderately concentrated, entry in the final goods market reduces welfare if the entrant is moderately cost inefficient than the incumbents. If the input market is highly competitive, entry in the final goods market reduces welfare if the entrant is very much cost inefficient than the incumbents. Hence, entry in the final goods market is more desirable under a concentrated input market. It follows from our analysis that entry increases the profits of the incumbent final goods producers if their marginal costs are sufficiently lower than the entrant’s marginal cost.Entry; Profit; Vertical structure; Welfare

Licensing by a monopolist and unionized labor market

We show that a monopolist final goods producer may find it profitable to create competition by licensing its technology if the input market is imperfectly competitive. With a centralized union, we show that licensing by a monopolist is profitable under both uniform and discriminatory wage settings by the union. However, the incentive for licensing is higher under the former situation. We also show that licensing by the monopolist is profitable under both quantity and price competition, and the incentive for licensing is higher under price competition than under quantity competition. Our qualitative results hold even with decentralized unions. --Licensing,Labor union,Price competition,Quantity competition

Magnetic field decay in single radio pulsars: A statistical study

We report on an extensive statistical study of single radio pulsar properties, which we undertook to estimate the decay timescale of pulsar magnetic fields. We synthesized a population of pulsars using assumed theoretical distributions of age, initial magnetic field, period of rotation, position, luminosity, and dispersion measure, taking into account the new distance model for pulsars as well as new velocity estimates. We also took into account the selection effects that characterize pulsar observations. We compared the simulated population with the observed single pulsar population using one- and two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to obtain a lower bound of ∼160 Myr on the decay timescale. © 1997. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved

Magnetic field decay in single radio pulsars: a statistical study

We report on an extensive statistical study of single radio pulsar properties, which we undertook to estimate the decay timescale of pulsar magnetic fields. We synthesized a population of pulsars using assumed theoretical distributions of age, initial magnetic field, period of rotation, position, luminosity, and dispersion measure, taking into account the new distance model for pulsars as well as new velocity estimates. We also took into account the selection effects that characterize pulsar observations. We compared the simulated population with the observed single pulsar population using one- and two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to obtain a lower bound of ~160 Myr on the decay timescale

Socio-demographic and Clinical Profile of Persons with Dissociative Disorder

Background: Dissociative (Conversion) Disorder is a partial or complete loss of normal integration between members of the past (ICD 10 DSMR). In mental health "Dissociation" is defined as an unconscious defence mechanism involving the segregation of any group of mental and behaviour processes from the rest of the person psychic activity. Some of the studies reported that a higher frequency of childhood abuse in people with D(C)D. There are many risk factors with D(C)D as well. Methodology: The study was conducted from June to September 2019 with 60 persons suffering from D(C)D, visited in OPD of IOP – COE was taken for the study. All the persons were diagnosed by a registered psychiatrist by following the criteria of ICD 10 DCR in OPD of IOP-COE were taken for consideration. There all persons were informed about the study and written consent was taken for inclusion. Then DES administer and scored above 30 were taken up for study. Then the person with D(C)D was evaluated for socio-demographic variables and clinical presentation on semi-structured proforma. Result: The majority of persons with D(C)D fell between the age range of 18-55 years. Also, the majority of persons belonged from the low socio-economic status from female category and many persons presented with a history of childhood traumatic experiences. Conclusion: D(C)D are commonly seen in females, they are always present in childhood trauma especially emotional ones are present from childhood. Keywords: Conversion, dissociation, socio-demographic, clinical facto

Endophytic microorganisms of tropical tuber crops: Potential and perspectives

Endophytic microorganisms which include both bacteria and fungi colonise almost every plant species. In order to colonize the plant and compete with other microorganisms, they produce a plethora of secondary metabolites, including toxins, enzymes, antibiotics, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antifungal compounds. Endophytic fungi can have profound impacts on plant communities which include abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, increase of biomass, decrease of water consumption and alteration of resource allocation, nitrogen fixation, increased drought resistance, thermal protection, survival under osmotic stress and degradation of pollutants. Though tuber crops are the second most important group of crop plants providing food energy to humans after cereals, less attention has been paid to the these traditional crops in general. Investigations regarding the association of endophytes with the tuber crops have been sparsely studied though in some tuber crops like cassava, sweet potato and yams, presence of endophytes have been reported. Hence from the scarcely available literature, in the current review an attempt was made to put light on the various beneficial activities of endophytes on tuber crops. These reports glorified many symbiotically associated endophytes to have antagonistic properties against many plant pathogens like Rhizoctoniasolani, Pythiumaphanidermatumand Sclerotiumrolfsii. Species like Rahnellawas resilient to cold shock, UV irradiation and antibiotics. Many diazotropihic and non-diazotropihicendophytic bacteria were involved in nitrogen fixation. Actinomycetesendophytes were novel sources of industrially important thermostableamylolytic enzymes. However, inspite of all these profound beneficial effects endophytic associations are still to be studied in many tuber crops like taro, elephant foot yam, greater yam etc. So this review put forward the urge to carry out comprehensive research on these important microbes on such important crops